ROLE OF ENGLISH AFFIXOIDS IN MODERN UKRAINIAN, RUSSIAN AND FRENCH

Background. The article is devoted to the influence of borrowed affixoids on the wordbuilding subsystems of the target languages. Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the influence of borrowings from English on the word-building subsystem of the target languages and namely to define the role of affixoids in productive ways of modern word-building. The aim preconditions the performing of the following tasks: analysis of the nature of affixoids; revealing peculiarities of borrowed affixoids functioning in target languages. Methods. In the article the following methods are used: 1) for detecting the volume and meaning of the term affixoid the method of the review of the existing literature has been used; 2) for revealing the constituent parts of the lexical units the method of distributive has been used; 3) for describing the peculiarities of quasi-composites and existing word-patterns the methods of onomasiological and formal analysis have been used. Results. If one analyses the appearance of the affixoid. -gate, it is necessary to take into consideration, that it is formed due to the so-called “intercalated” or “telescopic” formation of new words, when one word is “inserted” into another, as a result of which an unusual, occasional formation appears. In modern Ukrainian and Russian we can reveal the development of new meaning which is absolutely different from the primary meaning. Some people are even sure that gate is the synonym of the word scandal. Borrowing word-forming models is another character feature of language that causes the appearance of quasi-composites. In French, for example, it is possible to observe the interesting phenomenon of borrowing not structural parts, but word-building samples. The presence of “false Englishisms” in the French language proves once again that very often not only separate words are borrowed, but also word-forming material. Discussion. Processes of borrowing influence the target languages in many different ways. The most common of them is direct borrowing, assimilation of concrete lexical units. But recently the facts of influence of the source language have become more and more common, so processes of borrowing have an impact not only on the lexical subsystem of the target language, but also on the word-building level by assimilating productive affixes and affixoids, as well as common wordbuilding patterns and models. The field of affixoids still requires new linguistic research, especially in connection with the processes of borrowing and the tendency of the modern languages to simplification. It is very important to observe new ways of enriching vocabulary where assimilation of foreign affixoids is becoming more and more productive. The independent functioning of affixoids in target languages is also worth describing and analyzing.

combination or sentence as an independent word (the criterion of the expandibility into a unit of the syntactical level). As for the quantitative criterion, scholars try to analyse productivity of morphemes as a key principle for differentiating affixoids into a specific group of morphemes. Some linguists (Stepanova, 1953;Bartkov, 1978) underline that the regularity of the reproduction is the main criterion for it: affixoids are more productive than root morphemes, but less productive than suffixes or prefixes, so they are on half-way from roots to affixes.
The supporters of the formal criterion write about the external form of words, containing affixoids and offer their characteristic features: the presence of a connecting, the fixed place of some elements in the word (Shanskiy, 1973).
The functional criterion of affixoids is based on their ability to perform a certain function (to express semantic categories: profession, field, sign, status etc.). The ability to carry out this function can be proved with the help of onomasiological analysis by using the notions of onomasilogical basis and onomasiological sign. For example, the English suffix -er is used to denote the category "doer of the action", the English affixoids -man and -person can also be used in such a function. In Ukrainian the suffixoid -знавець is used in the meaning "specialist in some field", in Russianword-building elements -вед, -вод. This criterion is very controversial because describes such units of intermediate status as morphemes which are very close to real affixes.
The main semantic characteristic feature of affixoids is considered to be their loss of specific lexical meaning and the acquisition of new generalized meaning as a part of a quasicomposite word.
The essence of the semantic criterion of deployability-non-deployability can be explained by the ability / inability of the word to deploy into a semantically motivating word combination, the loss of such a character feature signals that one of the components of the word functionally approaches to the affix (Bartkov, 1978;D'yachkova, 2011).
If one analyses the appearance of the affixoid. -gate, it is necessary to take into consideration, that it is formed due to the so-called "intercalated" or "telescopic" formation of new words, when one word is "inserted" into another, as a result of which an unusual, occasional formation appears.
Originally the word Watergate has become the source for the affixoid -gate. Oxford Guide to British and American Culture Says that Watergate is "the US political scandal that forced President Richard Nixon to leave office in 1974. It involved Republican Party members who in 1972 tried to steal information from the offices of the Democratic party in the Watergate building in Washington, DC. Nixon said he did not know about this, but The Washington Post and tapes of his telephone conversation proved he did. He resigned as Congress was about to begin impeachment, and several important government officials were sent to prison for illegally trying to keep the affair secret. The Watergate incident made the role of the President weaker for several years and many people were shocked that people in power had behaved so badly. The word-ending -gate has since been used to create names for other scandals" (Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, 2005) The word Watergate is a proper name, and the meaning "political scandal" has developed in it. Later, as such words-hybrids are accumulated in the language, the final syllable -gate gradually becomes an evaluative morpheme, independently participating in the formation of new words. Ukrainian and Russian have also borrowed this affixoid and most of Ukrainian and Russian learners do not know about the primary meaning of this root: Моникагейт: как президент Клинтон чуть не угодил в тюрьму (Мир24. 12.02.2019) In modern Ukrainian and Russian we can reveal the development of new meaning which is absolutely different from the primary meaning "a door in a fence or outside; the place where you leave an airport building to get on the plane.". Some people are even sure that -gate is the synonym of the word scandal. The high degree of assimilation of the English affixoid can be proved by a number of examples from Ukrainian and Russian mediatexts which describe the reality of these countries: Свинарчукгейт, Украинагейт: СвинарчукГейт: Компанія "Укроборонпрому" мала договір про спільну діяльність з компаніями друзів Гладковського-молодшого (https://statewatch.org.ua/publications/svynarchukheyt-kompaniia-ukroboronpromumala-dohovir-pro-spil-nu-diial-nist-z-kompaniiamy-druziv-hladkovs-koho-molodshoho).
The adoption of -gate to suggest the existence of a scandal was promoted by William Safire, the conservative New York Times columnist and former Nixon administration speechwriter. As early as September 1974 he wrote of "Vietgate", a proposed pardon of the There is a theory that the above-mentioned group of words was created to minimize the guilt of R. Nixon, to make the audience laugh and not take the situation too serious.
Since that time the list of gates has become much longer. According to the Internet sauces it is possible to count 243 lexical units with the component -gate. Cases of independent use of the word-element -gate with the meaning of "political scandal" have been also revealed, that confirms its status between the root and the affix: "…всевозможные "гейты", разные по степени скандальности и масштабам последствий, случаются чуть ли не каждый месяц" (Известия. 18.10.2007.).
It is very interesting to note that the morpheme -gate functions independently in computer terminology, expressing the meaning "gate for sending mail to other zones of the network", and it is able to make up new compounds in Russian: факсгейты, пейджергейты, and as a root morpheme it can be found in the abstract noun гейтсистема.
But there is an alternative point of view. C. Hamans points out that in case -gate should be described as an affixoid, then one might have expected at least a minimal, bleached aspect of the original meaning to have remained. He calls such lexical units the result of libfixing.
Borrowing word-forming models is another character feature of language that causes the appearance of quasi-composites. In French, for example. it is possible to observe the interesting phenomenon of borrowing not structural parts, but word-building samples. For example, in English the structural model of creation of quasi-compound noun "noun + suffixoid -man" is very productive: spaceman, yachtsman etc. In French, there are also many Englishisms with the following constituent: sportsman, bussinessman and so on. Frenchmen even use the lexical unit tennisman, by copying the English word-formation model and using the law of analogy. By the way, there is not such a word in English. Its equivalent is the word-combination tennis player. Thus, in French there is a word that consists of English-language elements, but does not exist in the source language. In general, there are many examples of borrowing a word-forming model in French. M. Hofler even suggests for them the term "false Englishisms", which means "words created in French with the help of English elements", for example, fly-tox, silent-bloc, baby-parc, baby-foot, baby-beef, moto-ball, ball-trap, auto-stop, crossman, rugby-man. They were formed on the basis of English elements by using word-forming models of the sauce language in French, but Francophones perceive them as Englishisms. These words were created by analogy with existing borrowings and their models. Thus, on one hand, they are both French but on the other hand, they are formed by English elements. And since these lexical units do not exist in English, we consider them to be "false Englishisms" and, together with other borrowings, refer to quasi-composites. The presence of "false Englishisms" in the French language proves once again that very often not separate words are borrowed, but also word-building material.
As for the Slavic languages, at present we can talk about the emergence in the Russian language under the influence of English new word-forming model, when new complex lexical units are formed on the basis of two independent nouns borrowed from English language: бизнес-леди, рок-клуб, гей-кафе. But also word-formation models that are not characteristic of the recipient language. This suggests that borrowing can affect not only the lexical subsystem of a particular language, but also enrich its word-forming system, adding new forms and models.
Based on all the above, we can conclude that in modern languages such elements receive the status of affixoids, which take an active part in word-forming processes based on the recipient language (using both borrowed models and native lexical material). On the other hand, affixoidation of borrowed word elements leads to the emergence of so-called false Englishisms. For example, the word шоптур, which is well understood by native speakers of Ukrainian and Russian, does not actually exist in English, and therefore cannot be called English in the full sense of the word. In our opinion, in such cases it is necessary to talk about a separate borrowing of two elements and their combination into a complex word in the recipient language. The update of this word-forming model can be found, for example, in the composite автотур. The absence of the word шоптур in the probable source language is explained by the fact that in Western countries there is no practice of travelling abroad to buy clothes or get a car, so the word was formed exclusively on domestic soil. In general, a number of tokens with a borrowed affixoid -тур were formed in Ukrainian and Russian: шуб-тур, секс-тур and even the occasional word лох-тур. All these complex words act as quasi-composites formed on the model productive in English. Сonclusion. Processes of borrowing influence the target languages in many different ways. The most common of them is direct borrowing, assimilation of concrete lexical units. But recently the facts of influence of the source language have become more and more common, so processes of borrowing have an impact not only on the lexical subsystem of the target language, but also on the word-building level by assimilating productive affixes and affixoids, as well as common wordbuilding patterns and models. The field of affixoids still requires new linguistic research, especially in connection with the processes of borrowing and the tendency of the modern languages to simplification. It is very important to observe new ways of enriching vocabulary where assimilation of foreign affixoids is becoming more and more productive. The independent functioning of affixoids in target languages is also worth describing and analyzing.

Abstract
Background. The article is devoted to the influence of borrowed affixoids on the wordbuilding subsystems of the target languages.
Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the influence of borrowings from English on the word-building subsystem of the target languages and namely to define the role of affixoids in productive ways of modern word-building. The aim preconditions the performing of the following tasks: analysis of the nature of affixoids; revealing peculiarities of borrowed affixoids functioning in target languages.
Methods. In the article the following methods are used: 1) for detecting the volume and meaning of the term affixoid the method of the review of the existing literature has been used; 2) for revealing the constituent parts of the lexical units the method of distributive has been used; 3) for describing the peculiarities of quasi-composites and existing word-patterns the methods of onomasiological and formal analysis have been used.
Results. If one analyses the appearance of the affixoid. -gate, it is necessary to take into consideration, that it is formed due to the so-called "intercalated" or "telescopic" formation of new words, when one word is "inserted" into another, as a result of which an unusual, occasional formation appears. In modern Ukrainian and Russian we can reveal the development of new meaning which is absolutely different from the primary meaning. Some people are even sure thatgate is the synonym of the word scandal.
Borrowing word-forming models is another character feature of language that causes the appearance of quasi-composites. In French, for example, it is possible to observe the interesting phenomenon of borrowing not structural parts, but word-building samples. The presence of "false Englishisms" in the French language proves once again that very often not only separate words are borrowed, but also word-forming material.
Discussion. Processes of borrowing influence the target languages in many different ways. The most common of them is direct borrowing, assimilation of concrete lexical units. But recently the facts of influence of the source language have become more and more common, so processes of borrowing have an impact not only on the lexical subsystem of the target language, but also on the word-building level by assimilating productive affixes and affixoids, as well as common wordbuilding patterns and models. The field of affixoids still requires new linguistic research, especially in connection with the processes of borrowing and the tendency of the modern languages to simplification. It is very important to observe new ways of enriching vocabulary where assimilation of foreign affixoids is becoming more and more productive. The independent functioning of affixoids in target languages is also worth describing and analyzing.